Memory Difficulties (Working Memory Deficits)

What it is:
Working memory is like a mental scratchpad—it helps you hold onto information just long enough to use it. For example, remembering a phone number long enough to dial it. Students with working memory difficulties struggle to keep information in mind while completing a task, which makes multi-step directions or problem-solving tricky.

What to look out for:
Signs include forgetting instructions moments after hearing them, losing their place while reading, or needing constant reminders of what to do next. They might start tasks but forget what the end goal was.

Real-life example:
A teacher says, “Write your name, put the date on the paper, and then answer questions one through five.” By the time the student picks up their pencil, they only remember, “answer questions.” The work ends up missing a name and date, even though they tried to follow directions.

How it affects learning:
Subjects like math (where multi-step problems must be held in mind), reading comprehension, and essay writing are especially difficult. Students may appear careless when in fact they’re struggling to hold onto the information long enough to use it.

Best learning strategies:

• Break directions into short, clear steps.

• Use written reminders, checklists, or visual cues.

• Teach memory techniques like chunking, rhymes, or acronyms.

• Encourage repeating directions back to confirm understanding.

• Give plenty of opportunities for rehearsal and practice.