Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Autism affects how someone experiences the world, processes information, and interacts with others. It’s called a “spectrum” because no two people with autism are the same. Some may struggle with speech and need extra support, while others may speak fluently but find social rules confusing. Autism is not a disease—it’s simply a different way of thinking and experiencing life.

What to look out for: Signs include difficulty reading social cues, preferring routines, or becoming deeply focused on specific interests (like trains, coding, or art). Many are sensitive to noise, light, or textures—classrooms can feel overwhelming. Some students may avoid eye contact, while others may come across as “too blunt.”

Daily life example: A teen might know every fact about dinosaurs but struggle to make small talk with classmates. The cafeteria may feel unbearably loud, leading them to eat lunch alone or cover their ears during noisy transitions. Sudden changes in plans can trigger anxiety or meltdowns.

How it affects learning: Autism doesn’t stop someone from being intelligent—in fact, many autistic people excel in science, math, or creative fields. But unpredictable environments, unclear instructions, or sensory overload can make learning harder. Social misunderstandings may also lead to bullying or isolation.

Best learning strategies: Clear routines and predictable structures make learning easier. Visual aids (diagrams, charts, written steps) support understanding. Teachers can use a student’s special interests to make lessons engaging—for example, using trains to teach math. Quiet spaces, headphones, or sensory tools help with overstimulation. Social stories (short, simple explanations of social situations) prepare students for real-world interactions.